And if Coca Leaves Had Come Across First?

A European man smokes a
tobacco pipe around 1595.
(Drawing by Anthony Chute,
via Wikipedia)

During his voyages of discovery to the Americas, Christopher Columbus's men discovered a novel plant, whose leaves produced a pleasant effect when placed in a pipe and smoked. Soon after, some "were unable to cease using it," reported Spanish Bishop Las Casas. And only a few decades later, tobacco was developing a booming market across Europe.

Chocolate's story is similar: Discovered by the Europeans about 1520, by the early 1600s chocolate drinks sweetened with sugar were becoming popular across Europe.

Workers in the Dutch colony of Java stamp
coca leaves in the early 1900s.
(Image: Wikipedia)

However, a third New World plant with addictive properties caught on more slowly. Carried to Europe in the 1500s, coca and its derivatives didn't become popular in the Old World and United States until the 1800s, when products such as coca wine and cocaine-containing medicines were marketed.

Chocolate drinking, portrayed
by by Philippe Sylvestre
Dufour, 1685.
(Image from Wikipedia)

Today, of course, chocolate and tobacco are both deeply embedded in Western culture, despite the tobacco leaf's severe health effects. Many governments are campaigning against tobacco use, with irregular results. But because of the leaf's addictiveness, cultural role and huge economic power, none will ever completely eliminate it.

All of which makes me wonder: What if cocaine had been exported and popularized first? Was it only a matter of geographic chance that chocolate and tobacco became Western cultural icons, while coca and cocaine become demonized? After all, even coca leaves, which produce no more than a mild narcotic effect when chewed, are on the United Nations' list of banned substances, right along with heroin.

Sure, cocaine's effects on human behavior can be much more intense than that of nicotine and caffeine, the active ingredients in tobacco and chocolate, respectively. However, "research suggests that nicotine is as addictive as heroin, cocaine, or alcohol," according to the United States Centers for Disease Control. And, it'd be easy to argue that tobacco can do you more harm than cocaine can.

Perhaps if columbus had carried coca leaves home in 1505, but tobacco leaves hadn't made it across the ocean until the 1600s, today we'd be sipping coca wine with supper, while tobacco cigarettes would be back-alley contraband. Perhaps.

Coca wine, from DrugLibrary.org

By Mike Ceaser, of Bogotá Bike Tours

Chocolate Meltdown?

A girl shows off chocolate insects in La Chocolatera in Bogotá's La  Macarena neighborhood. 

This is Chocolate Week, an industry-invented event if I've ever seen one. And Colombia grows and produces chocolate, altho Colombians also consume so much chocolate that the country doesn't export it.

A sack of 'green' dried but unroasted cocoa
beans in Cafe de la Fonda coffee factory. 

This delicious treat is native to the Americas, where the Aztecs called it the cocoa bean 'xoco latl' - which Europeans deformed into the world 'chocolate.' For centuries after the Spanish imported cocoa to Europe, chocolate was considered a medicine and aphrodisiac, until a series of inventions produced the modern treat. Chocolate's history is not all sweetness, however. For centuries the treat was produced using slave labor, both in the Americas, and, until the early 1900s, in Africa.

Today, Africa produces much more chocolate than the Americas do - but researchers at the International Center for Tropical Agriculture in Cali, Colombia, say that global warming could meltdown Africa's cocoa industry within a few years. The might be good for Colombia - but it'd be a disaster for African farmers and for the world's chocolate lovers.

Coffee beans, cocoa beans and the cocoa fruit, which contains the beans. 

Dumping out roasted cocoa beans. 

 

A handful of cocoa beans. 

Cocoa beans mixed with sugar cane sugar make a sweet treat.

Chocolate treats.

By Mike Ceaser, of Bogotá Bike Tours